Hedonism shine koyaswar cewa mutum yayi dukan ayyukansa don jin dadin kansa, saboda haka, kawai ana iya la'akari da ma'anar rayuwa. Irin wannan tsarin yana nuna rashin adalci ga wasu, amma babu cikakkiyar gaskiyar, saboda haka dole ne a yanke shawarar da za a yi da kansa.
Hedonism - mece ce?
A cikin fassarar daga Hellenanci Hellenanci na farko shine yardar ko jin dadi. Rukunan da ke dauke da wannan suna, yayi magana game da dabi'a na neman neman jin dadi, sabili da haka mutumin yana da hankali ko ba ya motsawa cikin wannan hanya. Kuma tun da yake wannan ya kasance cikin halayyar ɗan adam, yana da mahimmanci a hankali don daidaita ayyukanku don samun farin ciki. Dukkanin koyarwa ya ƙare a kan wannan sanarwa, saboda babu wanda ya gama wannan tsarin, sabili da haka halin da masu bin sa zai iya zama daban-daban.
Hedonism a Ilimin Kimiyya
An haife wannan koyaswar kafin zamanin mu, amma an fara nazarin ilimin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin karni na 20. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu:
- nan gaba - ayyuka suna hade da jiragen jin dadi;
- wannan - ayyukan da ake nufi da sauri don samun farin ciki.
Rashin rashin lafiya na ilimin kirki ya kasance a cikin sauya matsayi na motsa jiki, barin bangaren tunani a bango. A hakikanin gaskiya, motsin zuciyarka kawai yana kasancewa tashoshin lokacin tsara tsarin tsarin ku. Amma duk da haka hedonism ya baka damar nazarin girman mutum don sayen kayan jin dadin jiki da abubuwa masu daraja, sau da yawa ba tare da ma'ana ba. Irin wannan nazarin yana da dacewa saboda karuwar yawan mutane da ke neman jin dadi.
Hedonism a falsafar
Aristippus (435-355 BC) ya zama wanda ya kafa koyarwar, gaskanta cewa rai mutum yana jin jihohi biyu - jin dadi da jin zafi. Hanyar zuwa ga farin ciki shine a guje wa ƙarancin jin dadi da kuma ƙoƙari don abubuwa masu ban sha'awa. Abinda aka damu shine a kan al'amura na jiki. Epicurus ya ce hedonism a cikin falsafanci shine cikakkiyar jin dadin sha'awar mutum. Manufar shine don jin dadin kansa, amma 'yanci daga rashin tausayi. A ra'ayinsa, mafi girman irin wannan yardar yana samuwa, zaman lafiya da hankali da amfani da kowane amfani.
Haskenism ya haskakawa a cikin karni na 18. Mawallafa, musamman ma a Faransa, sau da yawa sun fahimci shi kamar sayen kayan jin daɗi mafi sauki. Irmiya Bentham, wanda yayi fassara hedonism zuwa sabon matakin, ya taimaka wajen mayar da manufar falsafar, ta zama tushen tushensa don ka'idar amfani da shi. Yana bayar da halayyar al'umma wanda dukkan mambobinta zasu iya cimma nasara.
Dokokin rayuwa don hedonism
Rukunan ba a cika cikakke ba, don haka babu wata ka'ida mai kyau, kuma babu wanda ya sanya mulkin hedonism. Akwai sakon daya kawai: makasudin burin mutum shine ya zama mai farin ciki. Kuma saboda wannan wajibi ne don rage yawan adadi mara kyau kuma mayar da hankali akan abubuwan da suke kawo farin ciki. Wato, don fahimtar abin da ake nufi da hedonism, ya zama dole a kan hankalin su.
Hedonism - yana da kyau ko mara kyau?
Babu amsar rashin daidaituwa, duk ya dogara da fassarar fassarar manufar. Ga wani, hedonism shine neman sababbin abubuwa, da karfin haruffa, kuma wasu sunyi la'akari da kansu masu koyarwa saboda ƙaunar tufafi masu kyau da kuma wanke wanka tare da kumfa mai ƙanshi. Ya bayyana a fili cewa sha'awar yin rayuwarka ta yau da kullum dan kadan, ba ya barazana ga wani abu. Idan kayi saya na jin dadin ƙarshe a kanta, zaka iya kawo karshen matsalar kawai. Ka yi la'akari da yadda mummunan yanayi yake cikin cikakkiyar tsari.
- Bazuwa . A hankali abubuwan da suka saba kasance suna zama m, sababbin matakai suna buƙata, amma idan sun wuce, babu abin da zai iya kawo farin ciki.
- Rushe lokaci . Don neman yardar, yana da sauƙin rasa lokacin don ɗaukar matakan da za su yanke shawarar rayuwa mai zuwa.
- Matsalolin kiwon lafiya . Mafi yawan abin da ke kawo farin ciki ga jirgin saman jiki yana da mummunan tasiri akan lafiyar jiki.
Hedonism da son kai
Koyarwar ilimin falsafa na wannan koyarwa sau da yawa ana kwatanta da son kai, amma wannan ba gaskiya bane. Ka'idodin hedonism ba sa rubutawa a kan kai kadai ba, ba'a hana shi kula da jin dadin wasu. Akwai nau'i biyu: son kai da kuma duniya. Na farko shine halin maida hankali game da yadda mutum yake ji, koda kuwa ba a raba su ba. Ga masu fahimta na nau'i na biyu yana da mahimmanci cewa yardar ya ba wa waɗanda suke kusa da su.
Hedonism da Kristanci
Daga ra'ayi game da addini, duk abin da ba'a nufin bauta wa Allah wani abu ne wanda ba ya dace da hankali. Saboda haka, hedonism shine zunubi ga Kiristoci. Ba wai kawai ya rabu da ƙananan manufa ba, amma kuma ya maye gurbin shi tare da marmarin sayen kayayyaki na duniya. Idan muka yi magana game da wannan abu a gaba ɗaya, ba tare da nazarin wasu lokuta ba, ƙin sha'awar ta'aziyya ba wuya an kira shi laifi ba. Halin al'ada na duniya, ma, baya koyaushe ya zama mai zunubi ba, taimakon wasu mutane zuwa Kristanci yana maraba.
Ba za ku iya cewa duk wani mai ladabi mai zunubi ba ne. Kowane akwati ya kamata a dauke shi dabam. Idan ba za ka iya gano halin da kake ciki ba, baza ka so ka karya addininka ba, kuma ta'aziyya ba za ka iya ƙin ba, to, za ka iya tuntubar firist. Ya san matakan mafi tsarki, kuma yana da kwarewa wajen magance wannan rikici. Gaskiya ne, shi ma ya yi kuskure, don haka yanke shawara na ƙarshe ya kasance ga mutumin da kansa.
Famous hedonists
A cikin zamani na zamani, kusan dukkanin marubuta zasu iya sanya gwajin "hedonist". Duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin sadaka, hakan ya faru ne kawai bayan da ya gamsu da ƙishirwa don jin dadi. Wannan ya shafi ba kawai ga shekarunmu ba, sananne ne na rayuwa mai dadi. Bayan Epicurus, wanda ya samo asalinsa na hedonism, koyarwar ta sami sabuwar rayuwa a Renaissance. Daga baya mabiyansa su ne Petrarch, Boccaccio da Raimondi.
Daga nan Adrian Helvetius da Spinoza sun shiga koyarwa, suna haɓaka jin daɗi na mutum tare da sha'awar jama'a. Thomas Hobbes kuma ya yi jayayya da rashin iyakancewa, yana nuna ka'idar "kada ku yi wa wasu kamar yadda ba za ku so ku yi muku ba." Wannan ka'idar ba ta bin kowa ba, misali mafi kyau na kin amincewa da tsarin addini, dabi'a da ka'idojin shari'a shine aikin Marquis de Sade.
Littattafai game da hedonism
Wannan abu mai ban sha'awa ne ga mutane da yawa, wanda masana kimiyya da masu ilimin psychologist sunyi nazarinsa sosai, ana iya samun bayanin su cikin fiction. Ga wasu littattafai akan hedonism.
- "Ka'idojin Ɗa'a'a" George Moore . Falsafa na Ingilishi yana nuna yanayin abin da ya faru kuma yana nuna kuskure - hada da kwarewar kyakkyawan abu da kuma hanyoyin da za a cimma.
- "The Brain and Pleasure" by David Linden . Littafin ya fada game da nasarorin da suka faru a cikin yanayin da ba su da lafiya, wanda ya ba da damar ganin sabon kyan gani da kuma samuwar dogara akan shi.
- "Hoton Dorian Grey" Oscar Wilde . Wani sanannun aiki, wanda ya shafe fiye da ɗaya allo, ya nuna abubuwan da yafi dacewa da kuma sakamakon sakamakon hedonism.
- "A New Brave New World" by Aldous Huxley . Dukkan rayuwar zamantakewa an gina shi a kan ka'idojin jin dadi. Sakamakon irin wannan gwaji an bayyana a cikin aikin.
- "Babban Asirin" Bernard Verber . Gwarzo na wannan littafi na fantasy yana kokarin gwada tunanin mutum kuma ya gano dalilin yin wani aiki.