Pragmatism shine maganganun da aka saba da shi kuma mutane sukan ji shi a cikin sharudda irin su: pragmatism, mutumin da ya fi dacewa. A cikin misali mai mahimmanci na lissafi, lokaci yana hade da wani abu mai mahimmanci, cikakke, inganci da ma'ana.
Pragmatism - mece ce?
Tun zamanin d ¯ a, mutane sun nemi su ba da duk wani abu da kuma bayani tare da ma'ana - don canja wurin ilimi ga tsara mai zuwa. A cikin fassarar daga Girkanci. pragmatism shine - "aikin", "kasuwanci", "irin". A ainihin ma'anarsa - a halin yanzu falsafar, dangane da ayyukan da ake amfani da su, wanda aka tabbatar da hujjar da aka bayyana ta ko ta ƙi. Mahaifin-wanda ya kafa pragmatism a matsayin hanya - masanin Falsafa na Amurka na karni na XIX. Charles Pierce.
Wanene mai ba da labari?
Mutumin da ya dace shine mutumin da yake goyon bayan jagorancin ilimin falsafa - pragmatism. A cikin yau yau da kullum yaudara, mutumin da ya fi dacewa shi ne mutum mai karfi, ga wanda:
- mafi yawan mahimmanci na tunani da tunani ;
- dabarun;
- ya ƙaryata game da manufa;
- An gwada duk abin da ake yi a cikin aiki ("mutanen aikin");
- Ya san yadda za a tsara lokacinsa daidai;
- Manufar dole ne a sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a matsayin hanyar amfani;
- ya cimma duk abin da kansa;
- kula da rayuwarsa kamar yadda ya yiwu;
Aminci ne mai kyau ko mara kyau?
Idan kayi la'akari da kowane hali nagari - a duk muhimmancin ma'auni. Kyakkyawan dabi'ar hali a cikin ragi na hypertrophic ya juya cikin layi tare da alamar musa, kuma ba a sabawa pragmatism ba. Mutumin da ya yi amfani da shi don cimma burinsa zai iya "je kan kankara" ba tare da la'akari da yadda wasu suke ji ba, ya kasance da karfi a kowane lokaci. A cikin al'umma, irin waɗannan mutane na iya haifar da kishi - mutane suna ganin sakamakon da ya dace, amma kada ka yi la'akari da irin kokarin da za a kashe a kan wanda ya saba da shi kuma ka yi tunanin cewa kawai "sa'a" tare da haɗin.
Haɗuwa cikin falsafar
Amfani da ra'ayoyin pragmatism, wanda ya zama siffar hanya mai zaman kanta kawai a karni na sha tara, za'a iya samuwa a tsakanin masana falsafa kamar Socrates da Aristotle. Kira a cikin falsafanci shine ra'ayin da ya zo don maye gurbin ko ya bambanta da yanayin da ya dace, "watsar da gaskiya," in ji C. C. Pierce. Matsayin da ya zama sananne, wanda aka sani da "Piers," ya bayyana pragmatism a matsayin ayyuka ko yin amfani da abu tare da samun sakamakon a cikin ayyukan aiki. Ra'ayoyin ci gaba na ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin ayyukan wasu masana falsafanci:
- W. James (1862 - 1910) masanin kimiyya-psychologist - ya haifar da koyaswar tsinkaye. A cikin karatun ya juya zuwa ga gaskiya, ayyukan halayya da ayyuka na ayyuka, ƙin yarda da ra'ayoyin da ba a san su ba, kuma ba a tabbatar da su ba.
- John Dewey (1859-1952) - aikinsa shi ne ya bunkasa haɓaka don amfanin jama'a don inganta rayuwar rayuwa. Hanyoyin Instrumentalism shine sabon jagoran da Dewey ya kafa, inda ra'ayoyinsu da ka'idoji suke gabatarwa suna bauta wa mutane a matsayin kayan aiki wanda zai canza rayuwar mutane don mafi kyau.
- R. Rorty (1931 - 2007) - masanin kimiyya neo-pragmatist ya yi imanin cewa duk wani ilmi, har ma da gwaji, yana da iyakancewa a halin yanzu kuma tarihi ne.
Haɗuwa cikin ilimin ilimin kimiyya
Hanyoyi a cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa shine aiki na mutum wanda ke jagorantar wani sakamakon da ya dace. Akwai matakan da suka dace, wadanda suka fi yawa. Yau na yau ya nuna cewa mata da irin wannan nasara sun cimma burinsu. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da ita a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum suna rarraba bayyanar halin mutuntaka cikin nasara (da amfani) da mara amfani (hanawa ga hanyar samun nasara). Ƙwarewa da farinciki shine garantin rayuwa mai kyau, masu nazari suna tunani, yayin da masu ilimin kimiyya sun ga wannan muhimmin matsayi ba a cikin bakan gizo bane:
- Shirin kwaikwayon ba tsari bane;
- masu yin amfani da hankali sukan saba wa hanyar rayuwa ta al'ada da ta halin kirki: sakamakon su ya fi muhimmanci, kuma ba haɗin mutum;
- a kasashen da dama pragmatism ya tabbatar da cewa ita ce hanyar mutuwa. Tattar da mutane don cimma sakamakon - an dauki mafi fifiko.
Pragmatism a cikin addini
Manufar farfadowa tana da tushe a cikin addini. Mutumin da ya danganci daya ko wani furci yana hulɗar da tsarin Allah ta hanyar kwarewar kai: azumi, addu'a, ɓatacciyar barci, aikin sautuna - waɗannan su ne kayan aikin da aka bunkasa a cikin ƙarni da suka taimaka wajen shigar da jiha na musamman tare da Allah. An nuna mafi yawan lokuta a ka'idar Protestant na 'yancin tunani - hakkin' yanci na zabi da kuma imani.
Ta yaya za a ci gaba da yin haɓaka?
Shin yana da kyau a bunkasa cikin halayen 'yan adam, wanda yawancin mutane ke hukuntawa da yawa? Dukkan ba haka ba ne mai matukar mahimmanci, kuma yin amfani da hanzari a cikin yin amfani da kyau shine kyakkyawan tsari don samun ci gaba. An ci gaba da ci gaba da yin amfani da pragmatism a kan kiyayewa da amfani da hanyoyi da yawa a rayuwarsa:
- fara da kananan ayyuka da burin - kawo su ga ƙarshe;
- Gudanarwa mai kyau na tafiyar lokaci: adana littafi, wanda ke shawo kan ayyukan yau da kullum ta hanyar sa'a;
- Shirye-shirye na gajeren lokaci da kuma makasudin lokaci (jerin lokaci, kayan aiki don aiwatarwa, jerin lambobin sadarwa na mutanen da zasu iya amfani);
- rarraba manyan ayyuka cikin matakai na mataki-mataki;
- Kwarewa kai tsaye: gano abubuwa masu tayar da hankali da kuma kawar da su, yin biyayya da shirin da aka tsara;
- aiki tare da motsin zuciyarmu: tasowa a cikin kansa kwanciyar hankali da sanyi-bloodedness;
- Hanyar "yaudarar hankali" shine mutum ya ce wa kansa "Zan yi aiki kadan kuma in kalli fim, tafiya", da dai sauransu. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen tayar da hankali ga ƙwaƙwalwa, to, dole ne ka ba kanka ladaran da aka alkawarta.