Bincike mai zurfi, mai zurfi, ilimi mai yawa na duniya ba zai yiwu bane ba tare da tsari mai zurfi ba - tunani. A cikin ilimin kwakwalwa, akwai nau'i daban-daban na tunani, da bambanci, a farkon, a cikin abun ciki: m, mai gani-inganci da tunani-na alama. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma irin wannan, babban fasalin shi ne yanayin ayyukan da ake gudanarwa: ka'idoji da amfani, kuma abin da ya ƙunshi wasu asali na tunani an rarraba cikin: ƙira da haifa.
Gabatarwa na tunanin tunani-gani
Dalilin tunanin tunani na gani-da-kullun yana kunshe da warware ayyukan da aka gabatar ta hanyar wakilci, hotuna (ana ajiye su a cikin aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci). A mafi sauƙin tsari, yana nuna kanta a cikin yaro na makaranta da kuma makaranta (shekaru 4-7). A wannan lokacin, akwai sauyawa daga gani-tasiri ga irin tunanin da muke tunani. Ba a buƙatar jariri kamar yadda ya faru ba, don taɓa sabon abu don taɓa shi da hannunsa. Babban abu shine ikon iya gane shi, don wakiltar shi.
Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa irin wannan tunani yana tsakanin masu haɗin ginin, masu zane-zane, mawallafi, masu turare, masu fasaha. Babban fasalinsa shi ne cewa mutum ya fahimci wani abu dangane da yadda ya dace, yana haɗaka da haɓaka dukiyar da ke cikin abu.
Nazarin tunanin tunani na gani-alama
Masanin ilimin likitancin kasar Piaget ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, godiya ga abin da zai yiwu a kammala cewa 'ya'yan suna tunani a cikin hotuna masu gani, ba jagorancin manufofin ba. Don haka, rukuni na yara a shekara bakwai suna nuna bakuna biyu da aka yi da kullu kuma suna da nauyin. Yarin yaro, bayan yayi cikakken nazarin abubuwan, ya ce sun kasance iri daya. Daga baya, mai binciken a gaban dukan masu sauraro ya juya daya daga cikin bukukuwa a cikin wani ɗakin gilashi. 'Ya'yan sun ga cewa ball ya canza siffarsa, ba tare da wani yanki ba, amma duk da haka, suna da ra'ayi cewa mai gwaji ya kara yawan gwajin a cikin kwalliya.
Masanan sunyi bayanin wannan ta hanyar cewa yara na wannan zamani ba su saba ba don amfani da wasu ka'idoji don bayyana abin da ya faru. A mafi yawancin lokuta, tunanin su ya dogara da fahimtar su . Don haka, lokacin da yara ke kallon kwallon, sun canza cikin siffar kuma sun fi sararin samaniya a saman tebur, suna tunanin cewa sun kara da kullu ga wannan cake. Wannan shi ne saboda tunaninsu a cikin nau'i na hotuna.
Ta yaya za a ci gaba da tunanin tunani-na alama?
Ko a cikin rubuce-rubuce na Aristotle, an lura da muhimmancin ci gaban irin wannan tunanin. Samar da hoton tunanin mutum yana taimaka wa mutum ya mayar da hankali ga sakamakon, don yin ƙoƙarin cimma nasarar da aka shirya, ya ba ka damar daidaitawa a cikin ayyukanka. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kunna damar da ke da mahimmanci a kowannen mu. Wadanda suka ci gaba da tunanin tunani sun iya yin tunanin da sauri fiye da wadanda suke mamaye ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (alal misali, saurin irin tunanin farko shine 60 bits / sec, da kuma wanda aka saba - kawai 7 bits / na biyu).
Ana cigaba da ci gaba da tunanin tunani na gani-hankali:
- sashi na labyrinths;
- zane;
- karatun, ƙarin bincike game da haruffan manyan haruffa;
- Ayyuka, sakamakon abin da kowane hoton, tare da wani nau'i mai mahimmanci a bayyane, ya kamata a ƙirƙira shi kamar ƙungiyoyi masu yawa;
- yin amfani da wasanni tare da gyaran sandunansu, alamu (alal misali, wajibi ne a yi matakai biyu na isosceles na 5 matches);
- rubuta labarun da aka rasa babban ɓangaren;
- gwaje-gwajen don bincika analogs (yana da muhimmanci don samun dukiyoyi masu yawa kamar yadda ya yiwu a cikin wani zaɓi da aka zaba tare da wasu).