Mene ne stereotype a matsayin sabon abu na tsarin zamantakewa? Ma'aikatan kimiyya daban-daban sunyi nazari a cikin tsarin ayyukansu. Falsafa, masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, masu al'adu, masu kirkiro suna sha'awar kabilun kabilanci. Masanan kimiyya sunyi la'akari da tasirin jinsin maza. Halin da ake nufi da "stereotype" ya ƙunshi kowane nau'i na rayuwar mutum.
Stereotype - mece ce?
A ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai, masanin Faransanci F. Dido ya ƙirƙira wani na'urar da ke adana lokaci, aiki da farashi a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Kafin ƙaddamarwar, daftarin rubutu na littafin kowane lokaci, wanda aka ƙaddara, wanda ya haifar da ƙimar kuɗi mai yawa. Sabon shawarar yanke shawara na Dido ya kunshi yin gyare-gyare daga rubutun kalmomi, to, an jefa sutura-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i, don a buga littattafai a cikin manyan lambobi. F. Dido da ake kira sabon abu - a stereotype: "στερεός" - wani m "iri" - hoto.
Mene ne ma'anar stereotype yake nufi a matsayin tsarin zamani? A cikin Walter Lippmann, wani dan jarida na Amurka a 1922 ya gabatar da kalmar "stereotype" a cikin yanayin zamantakewa kuma ya bayyana ma'anarsa kamar: rashin iyawar mutumin da ya san cikakken hoto na ainihin duniya ba tare da sauke shi ba. Mutum yana gudanar da aikinsa, bai dogara da ilimin da ke bayyane ba, amma a kan shirye shiryen da wasu suka gabatar: dangi, sanarwa, tsarin, jihar.
Nau'ikan stereotypes
An haife yaron kuma tare da madara mahaifiyarsa yana shafan labaran, labaran, labaran da labaran da yake ga 'yan uwansa. Da yake girma, yaro ya san ka'idodin da halayen danginsa da iyalinsa duka. Cibiyoyin ilmantarwa sun taimaka. Don haka sannu-sannu ne aka kafa tunanin tsararraki. Mutum a zahiri "overgrown" tare da stereotypes. Dabbobi iri-iri na sifofi, wanda aka gano ta hanyar kwararru daban-daban:
- zamantakewar zamantakewa;
- sifofin tunani
- sifofin halin hali;
- al'adun al'adu;
- Abubuwan da suka shafi stereotypes;
- sifofin sadarwa, da dai sauransu.
Ayyukan stereotypes za a iya rarraba da kashi zuwa "tabbatacciyar" da "ƙananan". Babban mahimmanci na stereotype shine ceton aikin tunanin mutum. Mutum, a cikin gajeren rayuwarsa ba zai iya sanin komai game da kome ba, amma bisa ga kwarewar wasu na iya samun ra'ayi game da abubuwa da yawa, koda kuwa ba su dace da gaskiyarsa ba. Abin da ke cikin mummunar abu ya kasance ga gaskiyar cewa kwarewar mutum (ko da ɗaya lokaci) yana tabbatar da amincin wannan ko wannan stereotype an kafa shi a cikin rikice-rikice kuma yana hana mutane, abubuwan mamaki daga ganewa ta wata hanya.
Matsayin jinsi
Mutum yana aiki daban-daban na zamantakewa, ciki har da matsayin mata. Matsayin jinsi na ƙayyade dabi'un halayen da aka ba da shawarar, yana gudana daga na namiji ko mace da jima'i da halaye na al'adun kasar. Mene ne jinsi na stereotype ? Halin namiji ko mace a cikin al'umma yana da ƙididdigar al'adu da hanyoyi na rayuwa waɗanda aka kafa tun ƙarni. Har ya zuwa yanzu, maganganu ba su zama bazuwa ba, wanda za'a iya ganowa a cikin karin magana da maganganun mutane daban-daban:
- matar ne mai kula da hearth;
- mutum - da getter;
- Mata masu wauta ne.
- Matar da ba ta da ɗa, kamar itace ba tare da rassan ba.
- mace ɗaya - tsuntsu marar fata;
- namiji ba tare da matarsa ba, cewa barn ba tare da rufin ba;
- mutumin ya yi alkawari, mutumin ya cika;
- Ba wani ɗan gida ba ɗan saurayi, amma yana so ya yi yaƙi.
Tsarin zamantakewa
Harkokin sadarwa na yau da kullum yana da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen samun zaman lafiya da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane. Tsarin duniyar kasa shine ƙarni na al'adun al'adu na mutane a matsayin al'umma game da kansu (autostereotypes) da sauran mutane (heterostereotypes). Nazarin ilimin al'adu na zamantakewa - yana taimakawa wajen ilmantarwa da siffofi, halaye, al'adu don yin hulɗar amfani tsakanin kasashe daban-daban.
Tsarin zamantakewar al'umma
Menene zamantakewar zamantakewa? Stable da simplified matrices na hotuna na zamantakewa (mutum, kungiyar, sana'a, jinsi, ethnos). Hanyoyin tunani na lokaci ɗaya zasu iya zama ƙarya kuma suna samar da ilimi marar kyau. A matsayinka na al'ada, tushen tushen yayinda yake faruwa ne a cikin abubuwan da suka dace da ainihin abubuwan da suka dace da kuma kwarewar mutum, amma wani lokaci stereotype na yin tasiri na lalata idan aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wani yanayi da ya fadi daga wani tsari da lakabi a kan mutum. Misalai na zamantakewar zamantakewa:
- ba tare da "blat" ba za ku iya gina aikin ci gaba;
- yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya;
- don samun nasara ya cancanci samun digiri daga jami'a mai girma;
- dukkan mutane kawai suna bukatar daya daga mata ...;
- duk masu labarun suna da ban mamaki, kuma lauyoyi masu tsauraran ra'ayi ne;
- kudi ne mugunta;
- Kasuwanci na Japan suna da mafi girma;
- Yahudawa su ne mafi yaudara;
- namiji - a cikin jariri, bugu.
Abubuwan al'adu
Harkokin al'adu na al'umma suna rinjayar motsin zuciyar mutum, wanda ke da alaƙa da jiki kuma ana goyan baya da gesticulation. Harshen motsin rai da halayen su ne harshen duniya baki ɗaya kamar yadda al'adun al'adu suke da su, amma a wasu ƙasashe zasu iya samun ma'anar ma'anar. Kafin yin tafiya zuwa wasu ƙasashe, yana da amfani wajen nazarin al'adun waɗannan jihohi. Haɗuwa a kanta Al'adu: Tsarin ra'ayi na manufa-manufa, sadarwa, fahimta, hoto na duniya. Tsarin streotype wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin samuwar al'ada (addini) na al'adu daban-daban.
Popular stereotypes
Mene ne ma'anar stereotype - wannan tambaya ana amsa "daidai", "stereotyped". Ana amfani da al'umma don yin tunani tare da shahararrun shahararrun, dalilin da ya sa wannan ya zama rashin dacewa ko rashin bayani kuma rashin iya tabbatar da wannan bayanin. Matsayi na tunani (halin tunani) - "Ina kama da kome" yana nufin na danginmu, rukuni, mutane, jihar yana da kishiyar sashi: yana kaiwa ga iyakokin iyakoki, yana ɓar da kwarewar mutum na jin dadin jiki. An karɓa a cikin al'ummomin zamantakewa masu daraja:
- impudence - na biyu farin ciki;
- adadi mai lamba 90/60/90;
- yana da kyau a can - inda muke ba;
- ƙaddara - to yana son;
- karin kumallo ku ci kanku, abincin rana yana ɓoye tare da aboki, ba abincin dare ga abokan gaba;
- mace a kan jirgi - a cikin matsala;
- kana buƙatar yin aure kafin 30;
- Ya kamata 'yan mata su yi launin ruwan hoda, yara - blue;
- mata - rauni jima'i;
- tsada - yana nufin qualitatively;
Tsarin ra'ayi game da Rasha
Za'a iya gano ra'ayoyin game da Rasha game da labaru daban-daban da kuma abubuwan da suka samo asali na Rasha da kansu da sauran mutane. Stereotype Rusich ya bayyana a cikin wasu maganganu kamar "yara-maza, mai tsanani, mai son in sha da kuma haifar da" Samun sha'awa a Rasha yana da kyau. Wannan iko ya kasance mai ban mamaki kuma mai girma, kuma ga wasu, wata ƙasa mai ƙiyayya. Me game da kasar, matan Rasha da maza suna tunanin wakilan sauran jihohi:
- Yawan mutanen Rasha sune masu sha.
- Bears suna tafiya cikin tituna;
- 'Yan mata Rasha sun fi kyau;
- maza, kuyi tafiya tare da fuska, kada ku yi murmushi;
- Rasha shi ne ƙasar balalaika, matryoshka da kosovorotok;
- mafi mashahuri;
- rashin lafiya da rashin fahimta;
- 'yan mata mafarki na auren baƙi ;
Matsayi game da Faransanci
Duniya duka tana kallo tare da tayar da kullun Faransa, suna sayen turaren furon Faransa, ta shafe fina-finan fina-finai na duniya. "Don ganin Paris da kuma mutu!" - maganar da mawallafin Soviet-mai daukar hoto I.Erenburg - ta dade tana zama mai lakabi kuma an ce da gashi da mafarki. Matsayin da ke cikin ƙasar Faransa, da alaka da wannan kyakkyawan ƙasa:
- 'Yan matan Faransanci sun fi kyau, masu kyau;
- Paris - ya nuna salon ga kowa da kowa;
- Faransanci sune masoya mafi kyau a duniya;
- masu ciwo, ruwan inabi, foie gras, frogs, baguettes da oysters - abinci na yau da kullum;
- beret, vest, ja shawl - tufafin tufafi
- mafi yawan kasashe masu shan taba a duniya;
- bugawa da zanga-zanga "game da" da "ba tare da dalili ba";
- mafi mahimmanci masu son zuciya;
- 'yanci na mutunci da mutunci;
- Ya fusata idan 'yan kasashen waje sun ɓata kalmomin Faransanci;
- yan uwan kalandan su da ƙauna kuma suna kiran ƙasar "la dus France" ("Faransa masoyi").
Stereotypes game da Amirkawa
{Asar Amirka wata} asa ce ta bambanta da kuma damar da ba ta da iyaka, inda mafarkai mafi kyau suka cika - Amirkawa suna tunanin haka game da jihar. {Asar Amirka na da wata} asa wadda ba ta iya fahimtar tunanin tunanin {asar Rasha, wanda ya sa wasu ba su son su, kuma saboda yanayin tashin hankali tsakanin Rasha da Amirka, rashin amincewa ga mafi yawan jama'ar Amirka. Abubuwan da suka shafi asali game da Amirkawa:
- wata al'umma mai azumi da kyawawan mutane;
- ƙauna don tsara abubuwan mamaki;
- so su kama duniya duka;
- rashin salon da dandano cikin tufafi;
- mafi ƙasƙancin al'umma;
- kowace Amirka na da makamai;
- Kada ku yi jinkirin nuna tausayi.
Stereotypes game da Turanci
Waɗanne ƙungiyoyi ne suka tashi a cikin mutanen da basu taɓa zuwa Ingila ba, amma sun ji labarin wannan ƙasar? Wadanda suka koyar Turanci a makaranta suna tunawa da manyan 'yan kallo Big Ben (Big Ben) kuma Ingila ta kasance ruwan sama, ruwan sama da kumallo don karin kumallo. A kan taurin labarun Turanci. Masu binciken Ingila game da Sherlock Holmes kamar karantawa a duniya. Stereotypes game da Birtaniya:
- kullum magana game da yanayin;
- a wani lokaci, suna sha shayi;
- Turanci sune mafi kyau;
- masu girman kai;
- conservatives;
- m Turanci hausa;
- kowa yana zuwa mashaya;
- mafi yawan 'yan ƙasa masu bin doka.
Yadda za a kawar da stereotypes?
Mene ne irin wannan yanayin ga mutanen da suke da haɓakawa da bunkasa kansu? Irin waɗannan mutane suna da yawa. Tsarin daka da juriya suna sa wuya a ga bayan bayanan "kunya" dannawa da kuma danna halayen mutane na gaskiya, kuma su fahimci wadannan ko wasu ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin halayen gaskiya. Kwarewar da ta wuce ba koyaushe ke aiki a sabon halin da ake ciki ba. Rashin amincewa da tunanin stereotyped yana ɗaukar aikin kan kanka:
- canza ra'ayi na al'ada na duniya;
- ƙi na hukunce-hukuncen gaggawa;
- cikakkiyar fahimtar abin da ke faruwa;
- da daukan hotuna ga samfurori zuwa zargi: "Shin hakan ne haka?";
- kafa sabon ra'ayi, mallaka.