Sadarwa yana da matukar zama dole domin samun nasara na mutum a cikin al'umma. Abokan hulɗa na farko ya faru ne a cikin iyayen iyaye, inda yaron ya karbi kimantawa da kansa, halinsa da dangi, ya koyi karatun motsin zuciyarmu da kuma jin dadin - akan wannan, an tsara hanyoyin don tasiri mai tasiri ko ma'ana tare da mutane.
Mene ne hulɗa?
George G. Mead - masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na Amurka da kuma falsafa ya gabatar da manufar hulɗa tsakanin shekarun 1960. Mead ya gaskata cewa mutum ɗaya ya fahimci juna, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci abin da ya aikata, abin da ya aikata. Huldar hulɗar shine hulɗar tsakanin mutane, ciki har da tasiri tsakanin juna yayin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa. A lokacin hulɗa yana faruwa:
- musayar kwarewa, ra'ayoyin;
- cimma nasarar fahimtar juna;
- gina gine-gine guda ɗaya na tsarawa ko dabarun;
- kasancewa a wurin (rawar) na abokin tarayya (duba yanayin ta hanyar idanun wani);
- idan akwai rashin hulɗar juna, rikice-rikice da gasar.
Harkokin hulɗar zamantakewa
Abun hulɗar shine hulɗar mutane, da aka gudanar a kan micro (iyali, abokai, aiki tare) da kuma matakin macro (tsarin zamantakewa da al'umma baki ɗaya) kuma ya haɗa da musayar alamomi, kwarewa, da kuma kwarewa. Abinda ke hulɗar shine a cikin hulɗar tsakanin mutane kuma an gina shi bisa la'akari da dabi'un kowane mutum, layi na hali, da saba wa juna a yayin sadarwa. Pitik Sorokin (masanin kimiyyar zamantakewa) ya gano mahimman bayanai a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa:
- Don hulɗa, akalla mutane 2 suna buƙata.
- A lokacin sadarwa, ana kulawa da hankali ga duk abin da yake: gestures, facial expressions, ayyuka - wannan yana taimaka wa mutumin ya fi kyau.
- Hanyoyi, ra'ayoyin, ra'ayoyin ya kamata su kasance tare da dukan masu halartar taron.
Harkokin hulɗar ilimin kimiyya
Misali na farko don hulɗa da mutane ga mutum shine iyali. A cikin iyalan iyali, a cikin yanayi na haɗin gwiwa yayin hulɗar, "I" na yaron ya zama. Halin mutum ya samo shi ta hanyar tunanin mutum da wasu da kuma halayen halayen da ya haifar da amsa ga ayyukansa. Harkokin hulɗa a cikin ilimin kwakwalwa shine wani ra'ayi wanda ya danganci ra'ayoyin D.Mid da ka'idarsa na "hulɗar alama" ta haifar da tsarin zamantakewa. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa ya danganta da muhimmanci ga musayar alamomi (gestures, postures, facial expressions) tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu hulɗa.
Iri iri-iri
A ayyukan haɗin gwiwar tarayya, mutane suna fuskantar juna da juna kuma tasiri mai tasiri yana ɗaukar muhimmiyar "mahimmanci" na ɗayan a matsayin mutum. Madaba - kowane batun a cikin hanyar sadarwa an saita ne kawai a kan kansa kuma baiyi kokarin fahimta ba, jin ɗayan. Yin hadin gwiwa tare da juna tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da irin wannan hulɗa ba shi yiwuwa. Hanyoyin hulɗa zasu iya rarraba bisa ga irin tasiri: na magana da kuma ba'a.
Tattaunawar magana (magana) ta hada da abubuwa:
- Harshen magana (tasiri, sautin murya, furcin magana).
- Canja wuri, musayar bayani, kwarewa.
- Amsawa ga bayanan da aka samu (sanarwa game da hali ko dangantaka, ra'ayi).
Abun hulɗa (ba na magana) ba yana haifar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa - ta kusanci:
- Matsayi da aka nuna ta abokin tarayya: rufe-budewa, shakatawa-tashin hankali.
- Matsayi a sararin samaniya shine kama ƙasar (rubuta takardu, abubuwan kewaye da tebur) ko amfani da sararin samaniya.
- Daidaitawa da haɗin gwiwa na abokin tarayya don hulɗar juna a gestures, maganganun fuskar mutum, matsayi na jiki.
Hadin kai da sadarwa
Sadarwa a matsayin hulɗar ya ƙunshi ilimi, gyare-gyaren, daidaita ayyukan da kuma ba da damar mutane su tsara ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tare da nasarar cimma burinsu. Sadarwa yana da alaƙa da hulɗar juna, yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka haɗe tare da fahimta (fahimta) kuma yana dogara akan irin waɗannan hanyoyin (maganganun, ba na magana ba) a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Differences tsakanin sadarwa da hulɗa:
- Mai magana ba zai iya zama mutum kawai ba, har ma da kafofin watsa labaru, kowane tsarin alamar (alamun hanya) na littafi.
- Dalilin sadarwa shi ne canja wurin bayanai, ba tare da yiwuwar karɓar amsa ba (ji, ra'ayoyin wasu bazai la'akari)
Haɗin kai da magudi
Hulɗa tsakanin sadarwa yana da tasiri a tsakanin juna. A sakamakon sakamakon hulɗar interpersonal, mutum yayi canji, an wadata ta ma'ana. Sau da yawa, a hanyar sadarwa ba zai iya yin ba tare da magudi ba. A cikin zamani na zamani, fasaha masu amfani , a matsayin kayan aiki, suna cikin kasuwanci, kasuwa na kasuwa. Hanyar sarrafawa, wanda ya bambanta da hulɗar ya nuna cewa:
- ikon ɓoye na mutum daga nufinsa (shawara, jagora na trance);
- kallon abokin tarayya, wani dangi a matsayi na matsayi (wasa a kan jin tsoron, laifi ko sha'awar)
- yin amfani da launi da launi a cikin magana.