Imani da mu'ujiza na hangen nesa da mutanen da zasu iya fada duk abin da ke game da ku (likitoci, astrologers, palmists) - wani abu ne wanda bai dace ba don mafi yawan mutane. Mutum yana da sha'awar makomarsa: abin da aka haife shi, wane irin halaye da basira zasu taimake shi ya gane kansa. Idanun kallon bayan rufewar sirrin makomar gaba shine damuwa.
Mene ne sakamakon Barnum?
Shafuka na shahararrun shafuka suna cike da horoscopes, alamomi na alamomi na zodiac , tsinkaya, da tabbaci a rayuwar mu, cewa mujallar ko jarida ba tare da su ba "sabo." Sauran gwaje-gwaje, sakamakon sakamakon da ake yi, wanda aka gaya masa cewa ya koyi mafi yawan gaske game da kansa. Sakamakon Barnum shine burin mutum, wanda yake da alaka da sha'awar da ya ke da nasaba da makomarsa, ya gaskanta da gaskiyarsu da daidaito na kowa, maganganun banal.
Aikin Barnum a cikin ilimin ilimin kimiyya
Ross Stagner, masanin ilimin likitancin Amirka, ya zama mai sha'awar wannan abu kuma ya yanke shawarar gudanar da gwaji. Ya ba da shawarar samar da ma'aikata 68 tare da tambayoyin mu'amala, wanda ya sa ya yiwu ya tara mutum hoto . Stagner ya ɗauki sharuɗɗa 13 da yawa daga shahararrun horoscopes kuma ya hada kansa da hotuna. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban sha'awa: kashi daya cikin uku na mahalarta sun lura da tabbaci a cikin bayanin, kashi 40% - gaskiya ne kuma kusan babu wani jami'in ma'aikatan da aka kwatanta a matsayin "cikakkiyar kuskure".
Halin Barnum-Forer - sakamako na tabbatarwa ta ainihi - wani abu ne na zamantakewa na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ake kira bayan mai fassara mai mahimmanci, masanin circus F. Barnum, wanda ya ziyartar masu sauraro na Amurka tare da wasu nau'o'i. Ya gabatar da kalmar Barnum - Paul E.Mil, mahaliccin gwajin gwaji (MMPI). F. Barnum ya yi imanin cewa akwai sau da yawa a cikin duniya, kuma za'a iya ba da kowa wani abu. B. Forer ya ɗauki wannan abu na gwaji.
Binciken Farko
Bertram Forer a shekara ta 1948 ya umurci wani rukuni na mutane suyi gwaje-gwajen, sannan kuma gwaji ya saki su yayin aiki da sakamakon, amma babu wani aiki. Ga mutanen da suka zo sabuwar, Forer ya rarraba irin wannan bayanin mutumin, wanda aka karɓa daga jaridar astrological. Halin da aka yi a cikin wannan yanayin ya yi aiki a kan sifofi masu kyau a cikin bayanin. An yi la'akari da kashi 5 da aka yi la'akari da cikakken kwatancin sakamakon gwajin. Matsayin da aka samu a cikin batutuwa shine 4.26.
Rubutun ya ƙunshi kalmomi da kusan dukkanin mutane sun amsa:
- "Kana buƙatar bukatan girmamawa."
- "Wani lokaci kana jin dadin, wani lokacin ana ajiye."
- "Ka yi kama da mutum mai basira kuma mai amincewa."
- "Kana da babban damar."
- "Wani lokaci ana shakku da shakka."
Barnum Effect - misalai
Mutane suna neman sanin makomar su kuma don haka suna zuwa likitoci, masu fahariya. Ga wasu, kawai nishaɗi ne, wasu kuma suna jin tsoron taka mataki ba tare da karanta horoscope ba. A gaskiya, wadannan mutane ne masu tayar da hankali, wanda wanda makomar ta kasance maras kyau. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dalilai na gaskantawa da gaskiyar bayanin shine "shahararren" ko "shahararrun" wani gwani (mai daukar hoto, masanin kimiyya). Sakamakon Barnum a cikin ilimin kwakwalwa shine misali na gaskiyar cewa yana aiki ne kawai akan hangen nesa mai kyau kuma masu amfani da fasaha suna amfani dasu a wasu wurare kamar:
- kowane irin sihiri;
- ilimin lissafi;
- socionics;
- astrology;
- Sanin asali ta hanyar jini, launi na idanu;
- Lambobi;
- ilimin kimiyya (shahararren gwaje-gwaje).
Barnum sakamako - horoscope
Sakamakon Barnum astrology ya kasance mai dadewa da tsawo yana amfani da shi don bayyana alamun zodiac. A yau - ana la'akari da al'ada na yau da kullum don yin horoscope na natal da kanka da kuma ƙaunatattunka tare da masu sana'a. Darajar horoscope - babban farashin sabis / dabi'ar kwararrun / ƙayyadaddun kalmomi (taurari a cikin gida na bakwai, da dai sauransu) - yana ƙaruwa ga amincewa da mutane a cikin kayan aiki na musamman, wanda ke tattare da abubuwan da ke faruwa a ciki kuma yana tabbatar da gaskiya.
Aikin Barnum ya zama wani nau'i na zamantakewa na zamantakewar al'umma
Sakamakon Barnum ko sakamako na tabbatarwa ta ainihi ya nuna kansa a cikakke, tare da kasancewa da kuma aiwatar da abubuwa masu yawa. Masanan ilimin kimiyya (R. Hyman, P. Mil, R. Stagner, R. Treveten, R. Petty da T. Brock) wadanda suka yi nazari akan wannan sabon abu, sun gano muhimmancin tallafin mahimmancin sakamako:
- general, maganganu maras kyau;
- da ikon mutumin da ke gudanar da fasalin;
- da tabbacin cewa mutum ya kasance tsinkaya "mai mahimmanci ne, wanda aka yi masa kawai";
- samfura masu daidaita (halayen musamman, kayan aikin musamman);
- halaye masu kyau.