A kowane lokaci, an haifi 'yara' 'musamman'. Abin takaici, yanayin da ake haifar da irin waɗannan yara yana karuwa a kowace shekara. Koyarwa ko wasu hanyoyi da rashin fahimta, a yau an gano shi a kashi 3 cikin dari na yawan mutanen duniya. Yarinya a cikin mafi girma haɗari yankin don ci gaba da cutar fiye da 'yan mata 2: 1.
Mene ne - menene?
Koyarwa wata halitta ce ko samun cikakkiyar ci gaba ta hankalin mutum (dr.g. ὀλίγςς - ƙananan, ƙananan, φρήν - mind). Raƙancin tunani a cikin rarrabawar duniya na cututtuka (ICD-10) an ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin shafukan F 70-79. Tare da lalata, tafiyar matakai na faruwa:
- rage halayen da ke tasowa wajen ci gaban dan Adam ;
- jinkirta bayanan basira (fahimtar juna, harshe na harshen, basirar motar, iyawar zamantakewa).
Mene ne bambanci tsakanin ZPR da samfurin?
Rashin jinkiri na tunani (PPR) wataƙida ce wadda ta ƙunshi wasu ƙetare a cikin ci gaba da psyche. Wanne ne mai mahimmanci kuma menene bambancin daban-daban na yaro tare da wannan ganewar asali daga ZPR:
- Mahimmanci yana da wuya a koyi, yara da DZP zasu iya samun kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin binciken su tare da shirin da aka zaɓa.
- Yara da ZPP sun yarda da taimakon wasu yayin da suke kula da ɗawainiyar ƙwarewa kuma daga baya suka yi amfani da su a cikin irin ayyukan da ake yi na tunanin mutum ko ayyuka. A cikin samfurin, ko da magunguna da yawa na aiki guda ɗaya, assimilation yana faruwa a wani digiri mai zurfi (ya dogara da mummunan cutar).
- Koyarwa ta zama rushewar aikin kwakwalwa, tare da CRD da ake nunawa ta hanyar mosaicism (ƙaddamar da wasu ayyuka na kwakwalwa, tare da adana sauran mutane).
- CPR yana da halayyar rashin tausayi, ƙwararrun jariri. Kwararrun ƙwarewar dysontogenesis ne.
- Yara da PZD tare da hankali da horarwa zasu iya zama cikakkun 'yan ƙasa na al'umma. Mahimmanci suna buƙatar kulawa da tsaro na iyaye ko jihar.
Dalilin Oligophrenia
Oligophrenic = wannan ne mutumin da aka bincikar da shi tare da samfurin. Me yasa aka haife haifa da irin wannan mummunar cututtuka? Masana a fannin jinsin halitta da na likita suna kira da dama dalilai:
- Abubuwa masu illa ga kwayoyin halitta: duplication da kuma maye gurbin chromosomes (Down's syndrome), dysfunctions na wasu kwayoyin (rashin lafiya X-chromosome ciwo, autism, Retit syndrome).
- Ra'ayi mai zurfi na tayin.
- Hadaddiyar cuta na rayuwa (phenylketonuria)
- Kwayoyin cututtuka na mahaifa a lokacin daukar ciki (syphilis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis) da kuma nunawa ga sinadarai, abubuwan da ke cikin jiki (yin amfani da abubuwa masu kwakwalwa, rashawa).
- Rhesus-rikici.
- Hanyar rikitarwa (tarin tarin fuka, raunin haihuwa, yin amfani da karfi).
- Craniocerebral raunin da yaron.
- An kaddamar da shi a cikin jariri da yara yara, cututtuka masu tsanani tare da cututtukan da ba a cikin kwayar cutar ta jiki (meningitis, meningoencephalitis).
- Pedagogical watsi da lokaci lokacin da akwai ci gaba mai zurfi na ayyuka na haɓaka.
- M daiology.
Koyarwa - bayyanar cututtuka
Idan yaron yana da halayyar haifa ne a cikin iyali mai aminci, iyaye masu sauraro suna lura da wasu siffofi masu ban tsoro. Tare da matsanancin mataki na lalata, wani lokaci zai iya wucewa, wanda ke nufin rasa damar yin gyara. Yadda za a fahimci samfurin a farkon mataki - akwai alamomin alamomi dangane da digiri:
- tsarin haɓaka na kwanyar (microcephalus, ancephalus, hydrocephalus);
- Ƙarancin hanci, ƙwaƙƙwarar ido mai ɗorewa;
- epicanthus ("fatar ido na uku");
- cin zarafin maganganu;
- underdevelopment na na tunanin motsa jiki ;
- multicos raunuka;
- rikicewa na ayyukan aiki.
Nau'ikan samfurori
Hanyoyin samfur na samfurin ƙaddara ƙaddarar jinsin ko jinsunan da za'a lalata cutar. Akwai fasali da dama na kayan aiki:
- Farfesa (tsarin haihuwa) oligophrenia (maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta).
- Makarantar sakandare ko samfurori.
Wani jigon fasaha bisa ga MS. Pevzner (yaron jariri-zane-zane), an sake nazari a shekarar 1979:
- uncomplicated (sauki);
- tare da cin zarafin matakai na motsa jiki da kuma hanawa;
- tare da cin zarafi a cikin tsarin nazarin;
- tare da yawancin dabi'un halayen halayen psychopathic;
- tare da ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da lobes na frontal.
Matsayin da ake bukata
Rashin lafiya a cikin ci gaba yana dogara da ƙananan cututtuka kuma an raba su zuwa matakai:
- Mahimmanci abu ne mai sauƙi na samfurin. Daga baya, idan aka kwatanta da lafiyar yara na haɓakawa, haɓaka motoci, ayyuka masu auna, maganganun magana. Kayan aiki a cikin mataki na lalacewa yana nuna shekarun shekaru 8-12. Yara suna karatu a cikin cibiyoyi na musamman. Matsayin IQ shine 50-69.
- Lafiya shi ne matsakaicin digiri. Oligophrenic zai iya daidaitawa a yanayin da ya dace, kuma ya gamsu da bukatun aikin likita. Ƙara yawan libido da jima'i da lalata, haɓaka cikin hali. Bayyana cikin nau'i biyu: ba a bayyana (ya dace da shekarun shekaru 6-9, IQ 35-49;) kuma ya furta lalata (3-6 shekaru, IQ 20-34).
- Tashin hankali shine matsayi mafi mahimmanci, wanda mafi girman ƙetare na hankali (ƙasa da 30, shekarun shekaru 1-3). Training ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda mummunan lalacewa ga jiki, yana da saurin rayuwa zuwa 30, kawai tare da kulawa mai kyau.
Amfani da magunguna
Kwararrun cuta ce ga rayuwar "rayuwa", banda shine cuta na phenylketonuria, tare da ganewar asali da kuma abincin da aka dace da shi, yaro zai fara farawa kullum. Ana amfani da likitancin likita ta hanyar likita daya kuma alamar ilimin kimiyya yana nufin kiyaye mahimman kwayoyin halitta da tsarin.