Cutar cutar Anthrax an san tun zamanin da. A zamanin yau, bazai ɗauka, kamar yadda ya faru, a halin da ake ciki ba, kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a lokuta masu banƙyama. Alal misali, a Rasha, daga cututtukan 15 zuwa 50 ne aka gyara a kowace shekara, wanda shine sau 350 a kwatankwacin farkon karni na 19.
Mene ne anthrax?
Cutar cutar cututtuka a cikin mutane shine cututtukan cututtuka da kwayoyin cuta (Bacillus anthracis) ke haifarwa kuma ya samo asali ne a matsayin nau'i na banƙyama, lokacin da gwal ya zama akan fata. Kadan sau da yawa zaka iya saduwa da wannan ciwo ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta ko ƙwaƙwalwar jini tare da sepsis. Babban jini na wannan cututtuka ya fi girma a cikin siffofin huhu da na hanji kuma zai kai 90%. Hanyoyin cututtuka suna da kyau don samun nasara, amma a cikin rashi, yawan mutuwar yana da 5-10%
Majiyar causative na anthrax
Ma'aikata masu tasowa na Anthrax su ne kwayoyin cuta - Sibiriazvennye bacilli, waɗanda suke da tsayayya ga canje-canje a cikin yanayi kuma zasu iya kasancewa a cikin nau'i-nau'i na dabbobi ko ƙasa shekaru da dama. Idan muka yi la'akari da daki-daki, Siyasa anthrax yana haifar da B. Anthracis - manyan sandunansu, har zuwa 10 μm a tsawon kuma har zuwa 1.5 μm a diamita. Lokacin da aka gano su a cikin smears, ana samun su da yawa a cikin nau'i na sarƙoƙi ko nau'i biyu.
Anthrax - hanyoyi na kamuwa da cuta
Babban magungunan kamuwa da cuta yana kamuwa da cutarta (shanu, awaki, dawakai, raƙuma, tumaki) da aladu. Dabbobin da aka cutar suna ɓoye su ta hanyar raunuka, da fitsari da kuma tsabta. Akwai wasu jadawalin hanyoyin hanyoyin sadarwa na pathogens.
- Gina na gina jiki. Yana faruwa bayan cin nama mai lalata, kiwo da samfurori mai madara.
- Saduwa. Rukunin haɗari - ma'aikata da ke cikin kusantuwa da dabbobi. Duk da haka kamuwa da anthrax zai yiwu kuma ta hanyar hulɗar da konkoma karuwan dabbobi (an san cewa anxrax bacillus zai iya rayuwa a cikin konkoma karãtunsa fãtun ko ƙasa na shekaru goma).
- Kamfanin jirgin sama. Kamuwa da ciwon anthrax yana faruwa ne ta hanyar mucous membranes na fili na numfashi. A cikin hadari - ma'aikata na fata.
Anthrax - bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane
Bambanci na wannan cuta mai hatsari ya dogara ne akan nau'in anthrax. Matsayi na zamani ya bambanta siffofin asibiti biyu, wanda zamu yi la'akari da ƙarin bayani a ƙasa:
- fata;
- cikakke.
Duk da haka, siffar da aka ƙayyade shi ne na nau'i uku kuma alamar alamar kowane nau'i na da bambance-bambance na asali:
- akidar;
- na hanji;
- septic.
Hanyoyin cututtuka na anthrax
Da wannan nau'i na cutar, bayyanar cututtuka na farko na iya bayyana a ranar bayan farawar anthrax, amma akwai lokuta idan ba a lura da wani motsa jiki ba na makonni biyu. Fatawar fata a farkon mataki yana kama da jin dadin jiki bayan ciwon sauro, amma a nan gaba akwai irin wadannan cututtuka:
- ciwo da damuwa;
- bayyanar vesicles, wanda daga bisani ya juya cikin baƙi fata kuma suna tare da kumburi;
- karuwa a zazzabi;
- rashin ci;
- yanayin rashin zafi;
- ciwon kai;
- ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph nodes .
Bayan kafawar miki bayan kwanaki 5-6, ƙashin ƙasa ya nutse, kuma a gefuna gefen dabbar da ba tare da launi ba ne a bayyane. Lokacin da miki ya kai kimanin 8 zuwa 15 millimeters, ya zama wani anthrax carbuncle. Tare da dacewa da kulawa da kyau, scab yana zama a cikin wurin ulcer, wanda ya fadi bayan 'yan makonni, amma lokacin dawowa zai iya zama ya fi tsayi.
Hanyoyin daji na anthrax
Cutar cutar Cutar da ke cikin ɓangaren huhu yana da zafi kuma tana da mummunan barazana ga lafiyar jiki har ma rayuwar dan Adam. Infectology ya bambanta matakai biyu na irin wannan cuta a cikin nau'i na huhu:
- Na farko zai iya wuce har zuwa makonni biyu.
- Na biyu taso ba zato ba tsammani.
Anthrax, bayyanar cututtuka a farkon mataki na tsari na huhu zai iya zama tare da kawai ta hanyar jin dadi a cikin kirji. A nan gaba, yanayin marasa lafiya ya kara da hankali kuma ya bayyana:
- rashin ƙarfi na numfashi ;
- ƙara yawan jiki (sau da yawa ga matakan mahimmanci);
- cyanosis na fata;
- ciwo na ciwo;
- launi;
- tachypnea.
Bayan lokaci, zafi a cikin kirji ya zama mai karfi kuma yayi kama da ciwo mai ciwo. Kumburi na ƙwayar lymph, tari yana ƙara zuwa jini. Idan ba ku fara maganin wannan cuta ba, to wannan zai haifar da mutuwa. Yawan yawan mace-mace a cikin nau'i mai kwakwalwa mai girma ko kuma rashin magani ya kai 90%.
Tsarin intestinal anthrax
Kwararren kwayar cutar, wanda aka lura da ita a cikin irin wannan cuta, zai iya zama daban kuma wannan shine hadari. Hanyoyin rashin lafiya na cutar suna haifar da wata hanyar da aka manta, wanda ya ƙare ƙarewa. A cikin wannan nau'i na mucosa yana shawo kan ƙwayoyin hanzarin kawai, ana iya lura da raunuka a cikin esophagus da kuma cikin ƙananan hanji. Babban bayyanar cututtuka na hanji na ciki shine:
- ƙara tsanani a cikin ciki;
- vomiting da zawo tare da jini;
- tashin hankali da zazzabi;
- cikakken rashin ci;
- a cikin kwanaki 3-4 (bayan spores na Siberian ulcer buga mucosa), ascites iya ci gaba;
- girgizar kasa;
- mutuwa zai iya faruwa 2-5 days bayan farawar bayyanar cututtuka.
Harshen sakonni na anthrax
Cutar Anthrax na da wani nau'i - septic. Wannan nau'i ne na biyu (kwayoyin cutar anthrax ne ke haifar da cutar a wasu siffofin) kuma an canza shi daga na hanji da na huhu, mafi mahimmanci - cututtuka. Babban bayyanar cututtuka na siffar septic:
- mai tsanani;
- na jini sako-sako da stools;
- karuwa mai karuwa a yanayin jiki;
- tachypnea da kirji ciwo;
- rashin ƙarfi na numfashi;
- tashin hankali da zubar da ciki;
- tabo a lokacin tari mai wuya.
Sanin asali na anthrax
Kwayar cutar Anthrax duk da haka ya fi dacewa da farfadowa, a farkon da aka saukar. Nemo ganewar asali na anthrax ya haɗa da hanyoyi da yawa, kowannensu yana kammala bayani da aka samu tare da taimakon wasu nazarin.
- Hanyar bacteriological. Zaɓi kafofin watsa labaru na musamman don shuka da kuma bayan 'yan kwanaki gano sabuwar mallakar mallaka na kwayoyin cuta.
- Nazarin fata da rashin lafiyar. A wannan hanyar bincike, ana gabatar da anthracin (antigen) cikin fata. Kyakkyawan gwaji ya nuna kasancewa a cikin jikin mutum na kwayoyin cutar zuwa ga pathogen.
- Hanyar rayuwa. Sun shafe dabbobi masu labarun kuma, bayan mutuwarsu, suna warewa da gano magungunan da ke haifar da cutar da mutuwa.
- Microscopy na kayan ƙasa. Daga vesicles da cutaneous ulcers dauki da kuma lura da abu a karkashin wani microscope. Idan anthrax yana can, jikin kwayoyin jikinsa zai zama bayyane.
Anthrax a cikin mutum - magani
Idan an gano "Anthrax", ya kamata a fara yin magani ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda a cikin ainihin ma'ana, zai iya zama mutuwa daidai. Ana gudanar da jiyya ne kawai a asibiti tare da taimakon magungunan farfadowa.
- etiotropic (penicillins);
- Immunological (gabatarwar magani);
- pathogenetic (makasudin shine rage rage maye, kumburi da cigaba a cikin coagulability na jini).
Tare da wannan an bada shawarar:
- Gabatarwar immunoglobulin anti-STI (dangane da tsananin jihar daga 20 zuwa 80 ml).
- Tare da nau'i na banƙyama, gyaran gyare-gyare na tsabta sun kasance da kyau, saboda ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin wannan tsari ba a yi ba saboda yiwuwar tayar da fata don zama cikakkiyar.
- Masanan sunyi magana game da bukatar yin amfani da detoxification tare da gabatarwar intravenous infusions na crystalloid da colloidal mafita cikin abin da Prednisolone ya kara da cewa. A lokaci guda kuma, an yi diuresis tilasta (hanyar da ta inganta kawar da fitsari daga jiki yana taimakawa wajen kawar da gubobi da sauran kayan da ba su da lafiya na rayuwa, pathogens, ciki har da).
Anthrax - maganin rigakafi
Magungunan ilimin kwayar cuta shine cututtukan kwayar cutar penicillin a cikin anthrax, wanda ya shafi rinjaye B. Anthracis. A matsayinka na mai mulki, daga cikin mafi yawan kwayoyi:
- Penicillin (na intramuscularly na kwanaki 7-8 a kowace rana na raka'a 12-24);
- Doxycycline (a cikin saba allurai);
- Levofloxacin (500 MG sau ɗaya kowace rana);
- Ciprofloxacin a lokuta masu tsanani (sau biyu a rana don 400 MG).
A cikin lokuta mafi tsanani, ana amfani da maganin kwayoyin cutar ta hanzari don da yawa makonni. Ga mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da waɗanda basu da lafiya tare da anthrax, an buƙaci su tsara wata hanyar wata biyu na maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin. Daga cikin maganin rigakafin da Bacillus anthracis ke da mahimmanci, wadannan abubuwa (banda waɗanda aka ambata) za'a iya lura da su:
- Gatifloxacin;
- Chloramphenicol;
- Maganin ;
- Aminiya.
Magani da anthrax
Antiobiotic immunoglobulin dole ne a haɗa shi a cikin hadaddun maganin warkewa a cikin anthrax Siberian. Yana dauke da kwayoyin da take bukata don kula da bacilli, yana da wani aikin da ya shafi cutar antibacterial kuma yana da kariya akan aikin anxrax. Har zuwa yau, immisiglobulin Antisiberian shine magani mafi inganci.
Kafin gabatarwa da magani, ana amfani da samfurori na musamman domin sanin ƙimar jin dadin jiki ga sunadarin sunadarai (ta hanyar intradermal administration da amsawa). Ba a yi amfani da ciwon sukari ba nan da nan, amma a cikin awa daya - tare da wani lokaci na kimanin minti 15 (sau 2-3) a cikin intramuscularly. Bayan wannan, mai haƙuri ya kasance ƙarƙashin kula da wani gwani na tsawon lokaci.
Rigakafin Anthrax
Kamar yadda aka sani, ciwon Siberian shine kamuwa da cuta wanda ya shiga cikin jikin mutum a cikin nau'i na anthrax, sabili da haka dole ne a dauki matakan tsaro, musamman ga rukunin haɗari. Tsarin kariya ya hada da kwayoyin dabbobi da kiwon lafiya wadanda suke nufin:
- asusun wuraren da aka lura da irin wannan cututtuka;
- kula da shanu da shanu da yanayin su;
- immunization na dabbobi da suke m masu ɗaukar kamuwa da cuta;
- kula da wuraren noma da wuraren kiwon dabbobi.
Idan muka yi magana game da matakan tsaro, an yi kai tsaye a cikin fashewa, su ne kamar haka:
- Hanyar lafiya na mai haƙuri da ake zaton anthrax. Binciken irin wannan mai haƙuri kuma magani ne na likita na musamman.
- Ana karɓar marasa lafiya kawai bayan cikakken dawowa.
- Rundunar mutanen da suka mutu daga Anthrax ba su bude mutane ba. A cikin lokuta masu ban mamaki, likita ya yi aikin, sannan kuma dakin wankewa ya ƙare.
Inoculation daga anthrax
Alurar rigakafi da Anthrax yana dacewa a lokuta inda mutum yana da dangantaka ta kusa da dabbobi na dogon lokaci saboda aikin sana'a, yana aiki a kan wani katako, ya zo cikin hulɗa tare da albarkatu na asali na dabba. Ga rukuni na mutanen da aka nuna maganin alurar rigakafi, sun haɗa da wadanda ke da alaƙa da kayan gurbatawa. Ana gudanar da alurar riga kafi a jere.
Contraindications zuwa alurar riga kafi sun hada da:
- radiation far;
- cututtuka masu ciwo da cututtuka da marasa lafiya a cikin m;
- m jini cututtuka;
- cututtuka na endocrine;
- liyafar glucocorticosteroids;
- Kwayoyin cututtuka na fata da kuma kayan haɗi;
- ciki da lokacin lactation;
- shekaru 14 zuwa shekaru.