Yawancin mu sun hada da kalmar "absolutus absolutism" kawai tare da sunan Voltaire da haruffa zuwa Catherine II, kuma wannan abin ya faru ba kawai rayuwar Rasha da tunanin tunanin falsafa na Faransa ba. Manufofin fahimtar rashin daidaituwa sun zama fadada cikin Turai. Don me menene sarakuna suka gani a cikin wannan manufar kamar yadda ya dace?
Dalilin da ake yi na farfadowa mai haske ya takaice
A rabi na biyu na karni na sha takwas, halin da ake ciki a Turai ya kasance mai ban tsoro, tun da tsohuwar tsari ya riga ya ƙare kanta, an buƙaci manyan gyare-gyare. Wannan lamarin ya rinjayi hanzarin karar da aka samu na farfadowa da haskakawa.
Amma ina ne waɗannan ra'ayoyin suka fito kuma menene ma'anar irin wannan hasken? Tsohon kakanninsu shine Thomas Hobbes, kuma babban tasirin da aka samu game da samuwar fadakarwa ta hanyar ra'ayoyin Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire da Montesquieu. Sun bayar da shawarar sake canji na cibiyoyin da ba a daɗe ba, na mulkin jihar, da sake fasalin ilimi, dabarun shari'a, da dai sauransu. A takaitaccen ra'ayi babban ra'ayi na cikakkiyar absolutism za a iya bayyana kamar haka: sarki, dole ne autocrat ya saya tare da haƙƙoƙin da kuma ayyuka ga abubuwanda yake.
Bisa ga mahimmanci, ilimin da ya kasance yana fadakarwa ga magungunan furucin, wannan ya hada da sake fasalin sake inganta rayuwan magoya baya da kawar da sakon. Har ila yau, an yi gyare-gyaren da za a ƙarfafa ikon da ake ciki sannan kuma ta zama wata al'ada, ba tare da muryar shugabannin addinai ba.
Shirya ra'ayoyin da aka samu na fadadawa shine halayyar mulkoki tare da bunkasa dangantakar jari-hujja. Wa] annan} asashen sun ha] a da dukan} asashen Turai, ban da Faransa, Ingila da Poland. A {asar Poland, babu wata rashin amincewar sarauta, wanda dole ne a sake fasalin, a can kowa ya mallaki kowa. Ingila ta rigaya ta sami duk abin da ake bukata na neman rashin amincewa, kuma Faransa ba ta da shugabanni da zasu iya zama masu gabatarwa da gyaran. Louis XV da mabiyansa ba su da ikon wannan, kuma sakamakon haka, juyin juya halin ya rushe tsarin.
Hanyoyi da fasalulluka na cikakkiyar absolutism
Litattafan wallafe-wallafe na karni na XVIII, yada ra'ayoyin haskakawa, ba wai kawai soki tsohuwar umarni ba, har ma yayi magana game da bukatar gyara. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan canje-canje da aka yi da jihar da kuma bukatun kasar. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin manyan siffofi na manufofin fadakarwa ta fadakarwa za a iya kiran dukkanin masarauta da masu falsafa wadanda suke so suyi biyayya da tsarin jihar don cikakkiyar dalili.
Tabbas, ba duk abin da ke aiki kamar yadda masana falsafanci ya kusantar da bakan gizo ba. Alal misali, fadakarwa ta fadakarwa ya yi magana game da buƙatar bunkasa rayuwar mutanen ƙauye. Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin wannan jagora an yi su ne, amma a lokaci guda aka ƙarfafa ikon mulkin, saboda wannan shi ne ainihin abin da zai zama babban goyon baya ga ƙwaƙwalwar. Saboda haka na biyu
An yi watsi da haskensa a cikin Rasha
Kamar yadda muka sani, Rasha tana da nasa hanya. Anan kuma a can ta kasance na musamman. A Rasha, ba kamar ƙasashen Turai ba, hasashen da aka yi a fadin duniya ya zama wani abu ne na al'ada maimakon wani abu mai muhimmanci. Sabili da haka, dukkanin gyaran da aka yi ne kawai don amfanin mutunci, ba tare da la'akari da bukatun jama'a ba. Har ila yau, tare da hukumomin Ikilisiya ma, akwai rikice-rikice - a cikin Rasha ba ta da wata kalma mai mahimmanci tun daga zamanin d ¯ a, kamar yadda yake a cikin Katolika na Turai, saboda gyaran coci ya kawo rabuwa da rikice-rikice, halakar dabi'u na ruhaniya, wanda magabatan suka girmama shi. Tun daga wannan lokaci, mutum zai iya lura da la'akari da rayuwar ruhaniya, har ma, tun lokacin wannan lokaci ma shugabannin ruhaniya sukan fi son dabi'un jari-hujja. Ga dukan iliminsa, Catherine II ba zai iya fahimtar "ruhun Rasha ba" kuma ya sami hanyar da ta dace don bunkasa jihar.