Ƙarshen shekarun da suka wuce, kwakwalwar ta fara aiki sosai. A gaskiya ma, a kan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙarni guda ɗaya, sun tafi daga ƙananan tube, suna zaune da ɗakunan ɗakunan da za su iya kwashe ɗakunan. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauri ya karu da sauri Amma lokacin ya zo ne lokacin da ayyuka suka bayyana cewa sun fi ƙarfin kodin na'urorin kwakwalwa na zamani.
Mene ne komputa mai auna?
Ana fitar da sababbin ayyuka waɗanda ba su da iko da kwakwalwar kwamfuta, sun tilasta neman sabon damar. Kuma, a matsayin madadin kwakwalwa na al'ada, yawanci ya bayyana. Kwamfuta mai kwakwalwa ne fasaha na kwamfuta, tushen aikin, wanda ya dogara ne akan abubuwa masu mahimmanci. An tsara manyan tsare-tsaren masana'antun masana'antu a farkon karni na karshe. Halinsa ya ba da damar magance matsalolin da yawa na ilimin lissafi wanda bai sami mafita ba a kimiyyar lissafi.
Ko da yake ka'idar ta riga ta ƙidayar karni na biyu, har yanzu ana iya fahimta kawai ga ƙungiyar gwani. Amma akwai hakikanin sakamako na ma'anoni masu yawa, wanda muka riga muka saba - fasaha laser, tomography. Kuma a ƙarshen karni na karshe ne masanin ilimin likitancin Soviet Yu ya gabatar da ka'idar lissafin lissafi. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, David Deutsch ya bayyana ra'ayi na na'ura mai yawa.
Akwai kwamfuta mai yawa?
Amma haɗin ra'ayoyin ba shi da sauki. Lokaci-lokaci, akwai rahotanni cewa an kirkiro wasu na'urori masu yawa. Ci gaba irin wannan fasaha ta kwamfuta yana aiki ne ta hanyar Kattai a fannin fasaha na fasaha:
- D-Wave wani kamfani ne daga Kanada, wanda shi ne na farko da ya kaddamar da samar da kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa. Duk da haka, masu kwararru suna yin gardama ko waɗannan kwakwalwa suna da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da kuma abin da suka ba su.
- IBM - ya kirkiro kwamfutar kwalliya, kuma ya bude shi zuwa masu amfani da Intanet don gwaje-gwajen da algorithms masu yawa. A shekara ta 2025 kamfani ya yi niyya don ƙirƙirar samfurin da zai iya magance matsalolin matsaloli.
- Google - ya sanar da saki a wannan shekara ta kwamfuta wanda zai iya tabbatar da fifitaccen kwakwalwa akan kwakwalwa na al'ada.
- A watan Mayu na shekarar 2017, masana kimiyya na kasar Sin a Shanghai sun bayyana cewa an kirkiro kwamfutar kirki mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya nuna mahimmancin ana amfani da shi a cikin maimaita aiki ta hanyar sau 24.
- A watan Yuli na shekarar 2017, a yayin taron Moscow a kan masana'antun fasaha, an sanar da cewa an kirkiro kwamfutar kimanin 51-qubit.
Mene ne bambanci tsakanin kwamfuta mai mahimmanci da kwamfutarka?
Dalili mai banbanci na komputa mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin kula da tsarin lissafi.
- A cikin tsari mai mahimmanci, duk lissafi yana dogara ne akan raguwar da take cikin jihohi biyu ko 1. Wato, duk aikin yana rage don nazarin yawan adadin bayanai don biyan kuɗi tare da yanayin da aka ƙayyade. Kwamfutar lissafi yana dogara ne akan ƙayyadaddun (ƙididdigar jujjuya). Sakamakon su shine ikon kasancewa a cikin jihar 1, 0, kuma a lokaci guda 1 da 0.
- Ayyukan komfiti mai mahimmanci sun karu da yawa, tun da babu buƙatar bincika amsar daidai a cikin saiti. A wannan yanayin, ana zaba amsar daga bambance-bambancen da ke akwai yanzu tare da yiwuwar rubutu.
Mene ne komfurin ma'auni?
Ka'idodin komfiti mai mahimmanci, wanda aka gina a kan zaɓin wani bayani tare da isasshen samuwa da kuma damar samuwa irin wannan bayani sau da yawa fiye da kwakwalwar zamani, ya ƙayyade manufar amfani da shi. Da farko, fitowar irin wannan fasaha ta kwamfuta ya damu da masu kallo. Wannan shi ne saboda ikon komfiti mai mahimmanci don ƙididdige kalmomin shiga. Sabili da haka, ƙwararren masana'antu mafi girma, wanda masana kimiyya na Rashanci suka gina, yana iya samun maɓallai ga tsarin ɓoye na yanzu.
Har ila yau, akwai wasu ayyuka masu amfani da yawa don kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, suna haɗuwa da halayen ƙananan ƙananan, jinsin, kiwon lafiya, kasuwanni na kasuwanni, kariya daga cibiyoyin sadarwa daga ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwarewar artificial da sauransu da yawa marasa kwakwalwar kwamfuta ba zasu iya warwarewa ba.
Yaya aka tsara tsarin kirki?
Ginin kwalliya mai mahimmanci yana dogara ne akan yin amfani da shafuka. A matsayin aikin jiki wanda ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu:
- zobba na superconductors tare da masu tsalle, tare da halin yanzu multidirectional;
- kowane nau'in atomatik, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tashar laser;
- ions;
- sautin;
- bambance-bambancen karatu na yin amfani da nano-nunic na semiconductors suna ci gaba.
Kayan kwalliya - ka'idar aiki
Idan akwai tabbaci tare da kwamfuta mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin, to, tambaya game da yadda komfitiyar lissafi ke da wuya a amsa. Bayani game da aiki na kwamfuta mai mahimmanci yana dogara ne akan wasu kalmomi biyu marasa fahimta:
- ka'idar jita-jita shi ne tambaya na ɗakunan da za su iya kasancewa ɗaya a matsayi na 1 da 0. Wannan yana ba da damar yin lissafi da yawa a lokaci daya, maimakon rarraba zaɓuɓɓuka, wanda ke ba da babbar riba a lokaci;
- Tsarin dakin lissafi shine wani abu ne da A. Einstein ya lura, wanda shine haɗuwa da nau'i biyu. A cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, idan ɗaya daga cikin barbashi yana da kyakyawan halayen, to, ɗayan na biyu yana ɗaukan haɗin kai. Wannan dangantaka tana faruwa ba tare da nesa ba.
Wanene ya kirkiro kwamfutar da aka yi?
Dalili akan ma'anar masana'antar ma'auni sun bayyana a farkon karni na karshe, a matsayin wata magana. An cigaba da cigabanta tare da irin wadannan masana kimiyya kamar Max Planck, A. Einstein, Paul Dirac. A cikin 1980, Antonov ya samar da ra'ayin yiwuwar kimanta yawan lissafi. Kuma bayan shekara guda, Richard Feyneman a cikin ka'idar ya tsara kwakwalwa ta farko.
Yanzu ƙirƙirar kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa a cikin ci gaban cigaba kuma har ma da wuya a yi tunanin abin da kwamfyutan sarrafawa zai iya yi. Amma babu shakka cewa jagorancin wannan jagora zai kawo mutane da yawa sabon binciken a duk fannin kimiyya, zai ba mu damar duba cikin micro da kuma macro duniya, don ƙarin koyo game da yanayin tunani, kwayoyin halitta.