An yi la'akari da kasancewa da zama da tsinkaye na yau da kullum a matsayin kimiyya na kimiyya, ya yarda da wani binciken daban-daban na nazarin hanyoyin tafiyar da tunanin mutum kuma ya shiga cikin sassan siyasa, zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma da ilmin lissafi. Da yawancin masu ilimin halayyar mutum, al'amuran halayya suna da tsayayye kuma suna bawa mutum rai.
Mene ne halayyar ta'addanci?
Behaviorism shine (daga hali na Turanci - hali) - daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi na ilimin kimiyya na karni na XX. bincika tunanin mutum ta hanyar halayyar halayya, an hana fahimta a lokaci guda. Wajibi ne don fitowar tawali'u shine ka'idojin falsafa na John Locke, cewa mutumin da aka haifa shi ne "kwamiti mai tsabta", da kuma tsarin jari-hujja na Thomas Hobbes, wanda ya musun mutum a matsayin tunani. Dukkancin tunanin mutum a cikin halin halayen mutum ya ƙaddamar da farko a cikin tsari: S → R, sannan an ƙara matsakaicin matsakaici: S → P → R.
Wanda ya kafa hoton hali
Wanda ya kafa hoton hali - John Watson ya ba da shawara don cire abubuwan da ke gudana a cikin dan Adam a kan abin da ake gani, wanda aka auna ta kayan aiki da kuma gwaje-gwajen, don haka aka haifi ma'anar da aka saba da ita: yanayin shine S → R (ƙarfin zuciya → amsa). Bisa ga kwarewa na I. Pavlov da Mista Sechenov, tare da kyakkyawan bincike game da binciken, Watson ya annabta cewa zai yiwu a cika hangen nesa da hangen nesa da kuma karfafa dabi'un sababbin mutane .
Sauran mabiya da wakilai na zamantakewa a cikin ilimin halin mutum:
- E. Tolman - gano abubuwa 3 masu kwarewa (matakan da suka dace, tsayayyar kwayar halitta, ta hanyar yin amfani da manufofi na ciki).
- K. Hull - zane da kuma motsa jiki ya gabatar da tsarin kwayoyin tsaka-tsakin (al'amuran da ba a sani ba);
- B. Skinner - ba da wani nau'ayi na musamman - mai sarrafawa, dabarar ta ɗauki siffar S → P → R, inda P shine ƙarfafawa wanda zai haifar da sakamakon amfani, haɓaka-hali.
Tushen Behaviorism
Domin shekaru da yawa da suka gudanar da bincike a kan halin da dabbobi da mutane suka yi, yawancin kayan aiki sun haifar. Behaviorism shine babban ra'ayin:
- halayyar dabi'a ce game da matakan hankalin mutum a waje;
- babban manufar halayyar ita ce daidaitawa ga yanayi na waje;
- halayyar abu ne mai mahimmanci da za'a iya aunawa, tabbatarwa;
- ƙarfafawa da azabtarwa suna nuna hali;
- halayyar kirkira ne kuma mai iya gani, yayin da hankali da kuma son ba;
- hali - wani sashi na halin halayyar hali → halayen;
- Ayyukan mutum yana dogara ne akan kwarewar da ta gabata;
- halayyar ta ƙayyade ta yanayin waje.
Ka'idar Behaviorism
Rashin halin ta'addanci bai faru a wani wuri maras kyau ba, irin wannan ra'ayi kamar: "sani" da "kwarewa" sun rasa tasirin su kuma babu abin da zai iya ba masana kimiyya daga ra'ayi mai mahimmanci - wannan ba za a iya tabawa ba kuma a auna shi sosai. Abinda ke nuna halayyar ta'addanci ita ce, mutum shine halinsa don amsawa ga motsa jiki, ya dace da masana kimiyya, saboda wadannan ayyuka ne da za a iya bincika. Gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyya na Rasha suka yi na. I. Pavlov kan dabbobi a cikin wani tsari mai sauƙi sun yi hijira zuwa ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na hali.
Behaviorism a Psychology
Behaviorism yana da labarun ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa wanda ya sanya karfin hali na mutum a cibiyar kuma ya ƙaryatar da hankali a matsayin abin mamaki na mutumtaka. Shekaru da yawa har zuwa tsakiyar karni na XX. ilimin kimiyya a matsayin kimiyya, yayi nazarin mutum ta hanyar salo na halin halayen: matsalolin da kuma halayen, wanda ya ba da izinin haske akan abubuwa da dama, amma bai kawo su kusa da abubuwan da suka faru ba. Ilimin halayyar fahimta ya maye gurbin hali mai haɓaka.
Behaviorism a Kimiyya Siyasa
Harkokin siyasa na siyasa shi ne hanya ta hanya, wanda shine nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa, wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar lura da halin mutum ko kungiyoyi. Behaviorism ya gabatar da matsala masu muhimmanci a siyasa:
- la'akari da yanayin tunanin siyasa, wanda ba'a ma tuntuba shi ba;
- aikace-aikace na hanyoyin bincike don ƙididdige tasirin ayyukan siyasa: zaɓen, gabatar da takardun kudi (bincike na ciki, tsarin tsarin lissafi da kuma aiki).
Behaviorism a cikin ilimin zamantakewa
Nazarin zamantakewa da gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da ilimin kimiyya na jiki, kuma baza su yiwu bane ba tare da nazarin yanayin mutum ba, tsarin da ke faruwa a cikin psyche. Sha'anin zamantakewa na zamantakewar al'umma daga tushe ne na BF. Skinner, amma a maimakon saba "mai kara kuzari → amsawa", akwai ka'idar "filin", wanda ya hada da tanadi:
- kowane mutum yana da siffofi na mutum da halayensa ga yanayin da ke cikin duniya;
- abubuwan da suka faru a baya sun shafi halayyar halayyar mutum a cikin halin da ake ciki.
Behaviorism a Pedagogy
Harkokin ta'addanci na gargajiya ya samo mabiyanta a pedagogy. Na dogon lokaci, makaranta ya dogara akan ka'idojin "ƙarfafawa" da "hukunci". Hanyar kima shi ne misali na tsarin halayya, manufar ita ce cewa babban digiri ya karfafa ƙarfin sha'awar samun ilimin cigaba, kuma kasan ya zama "la'anta" ko hukunci, sakamakon abin da ɗaliban ya fuskanta sakamakon rashin lahani ga ilmantarwa, dole ne ya inganta. Kodayake ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa ya kasance mai sukar lamirin dan Adam.
Behaviorism a Management
Hanyoyin zamantakewa sun kafa tushe don kafa makarantar ilimin halayyar halayyar gudanarwa. Magoya bayan masana'antu da kamfanoni sun kasance da halayen halayyar ta'addanci, kuma kansu sun ga aikace-aikacen kayan aikin wannan mahimmanci don hulɗar hulɗar juna tare da sakamakon hakan - yadda ya dace wajen samar da matakai a duk matakai. Ƙaddamar da ra'ayoyin halayyar kirkira ya zama mai yiwuwa, saboda godiya biyu da aka kirkiro a cikin shekarun 1950 daga masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Douglas McGregor:
- Ka'idar X. Kwarewar yau da kullum, masana kimiyya na yau da kullum ana daukar su ne marasa tausayi ("kulawa mai tsanani"), amma abin da ke faruwa a zamaninmu. Yawancin ma'aikata suna da tausayi, ba su da nauyin nauyi, amma suna godiya da kwanciyar hankali da tsaro , saboda haka suna bukatar jagorancin jagoranci mai iko. Irin wannan tsarin gudanarwa yana dogara ne akan rike da tsoron mutane na rasa aikinsu. Hukunci suna tartsatsi.
- Ka'idar Y. A yau, ra'ayi na cigaba da ya dogara da mafi kyawun halaye na halayyar mutum, saboda wannan dalili ne aka halicci yanayi mai kyau a cikin samarwa, an shirya ayyuka masu ban sha'awa kuma duk ma'aikata suna sha'awar nuna cewa kamfani yana tasowa saboda dalili, kayan aiki da kuma sha'awar ci gaban kai tsaye. Tsarin jagoranci shine dimokuradiyya. Ma'aikata suna son inganta tare da kamfanin.
Behaviorism a cikin tattalin arziki
Tattalin tattalin arziki, bisa ga ka'idodin ka'idoji da halin kirki, yana ganin mutum a matsayin mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, kyauta don yin zabi bisa tushen bukatun. A yau, akwai rassa da dama na tattalin arziki, daya daga cikinsu shine tattalin arziki, wanda ya karbi dukkanin halayen ta'addanci. Magoya bayan "tattalin arziki" ba su yarda su yi imani ba. Wadannan masu amfani ba su da tsinkaye ne kawai don dabi'a marasa kyau, kuma wannan shine ka'ida ga mutum.
Masu bi na tattalin arziki sun haɓaka hanyoyin da dama da ke ba da izinin ƙirƙirar da karuwar buƙatun abokin ciniki:
- Baits ba daidai ba . Samfurin, wanda aka adana a kan ɗakunan ajiya kuma saboda farashi mai girma ba a buƙata ba, kamfanoni suna jefa wani zaɓi mafi tsada a kasuwar, kuma samfurin, wanda ya fi tsada a bangon sabon sabon, ana sayar.
- Kyauta masu kyauta shine hanyar da aka sani tsakanin masu kasuwa da masana'antu. Alal misali, an ba mutum kyauta guda biyu a irin wannan kudin, amma wanda ya hada da karin kumallo kyauta, ɗayan ba. Tsuntsu a cikin nau'in kumallo kyauta zai yi aiki - mutum yana so ya yi tunanin cewa yana samun wani abu ba kome ba.
Sharuɗɗa da fursunoni na halayyar ta'addanci
Duk wani koyarwa ko tsari, ko ta yaya zazzaƙan da suke gani, suna da iyakokin su a aikace, kuma a tsawon lokaci, duk abubuwan da ke da amfani da rashin amfani da ta'addanci ya zama bayyane, inda zai dace ya yi amfani da hanyoyin wannan jagoran, kuma inda zai fi dacewa da amfani da hanyoyin zamani. A kowane hali, masu yin aiki kada su watsar da wannan kayan aiki mai ban mamaki a aikin su kuma suyi amfani da fasaha na al'ada inda wannan zai iya ba da mafi kyawun sakamako. Abũbuwan amfãni:
- duk abin da za a iya koyi, nazarin da kuma amfani dashi - halin kwaikwayo ya cika kuma a fili ya nuna;
- shugabanci wanda ya hade tare da kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyya, ta goyi bayan babban kwarewar aiki, an ba da damar fadada ilimin kimiyya a matsayin kimiyya;
- halayyar halayyar kirkira ta kafa dabi'un halayen halayyar halayya.
Fursunoni:
- watsi da haɓakar fahimtar mutumtaka, duk halayyar halayyar haɓaka, ta rage aikin halayen motsa jiki;
- motsawa , zabin , dabarun yanayin tunanin mutum, da kuma tunanin kansu ba ma la'akari da halayyar mutum;
- Mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji yana bi da dabba, tare da saitin ilmantarwa don rayuwa;
- Behaviorism ba ya ba da bayani game da sha'awar mutum ga sababbin abubuwan kirkiro da kerawa.